What is emphysema primarily caused by?

Emphysema is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of elasticity in the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs. This loss affects how the lungs function, leading to difficulty in exhaling air fully, which causes a buildup of air in the alveoli and impairs gas exchange. The condition is most commonly associated with chronic exposure to irritants, particularly cigarette smoke, which can damage the walls of the alveoli.

In contrast, infections in the lungs can lead to other respiratory conditions but are not the main cause of emphysema. Excessive bronchial secretions are often associated with chronic bronchitis, which is a different lung disease but can coexist with emphysema in a condition known as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). Inflammation of the pleura, which refers to the membranes surrounding the lungs, typically leads to pleuritis or pleural effusion, rather than directly causing emphysema itself. Understanding emphysema’s primary cause helps in recognizing its symptoms and potential risk factors, which are crucial for prevention and management.